The easiest way for me to learn variances is using the Tabular approach from Becker and work backward to arrive the definiations from the formulas. I also modified a little bit so it's easier to memorize. The BASIC formulars for all three: direct labor, direct material, and overhead are very similar with some modification, with direct labor the easiest one and OH the most complicating. How I memorize is I start “A” as Actual, and “S” as Standard, “Q” as Quatity (as hours of labor in direct labor, OR units of material in direct materials). “R” as Rate (as labor $/hr or $/unit in materials)…Once I got these down, I have this formular:
AQ*AR
AQ*SR
SQ*SR
This is the baisc formular (to memorize) for direct labor. with all “A” on the left & all “S” on the left, then you compare each group and figure out the variances: between group 1 & 2: you can tell the differnce is between AR & SR, hence rate variance. If you see the differnce between last two groups, the difference is between AQ&SQ, hence efficenicy variance.
For direct labor, I modefied the formulas a little bit, I first duplicate the middle group:
AQ*AR
AQ*SR
AQ*SR
SQ*SR
Then I added “PU” after the “Q”s, “P” as purchased to first two “Q”s, “U” as “Used” to second two “Q”s:
AQP*AR
AQP*SR
AQU*SR
SQU*SR
compare first two groups: You got AQP * (AR-SR) = price variance, (AQP as Actual Quatity PURCHASED)
compare the second two groups, you got (AQU – SQU) *SR = usage variance. (AQU as Actualy Quatiy USED, SQU as Standard Quality Used), Note; SQU needs a little further calculation.
I basically modify the same formular to arrive the 2-way or 3-way OH variance, but I didn't pay much attention to it as it's too overly complicating. Personally, I think if you can nail down DL & DM variances (in additon to two basic sale variances), you are in good shape.
Another NOTE: Ignore the word “BUDGET” it's never been used for calculation in DM & DL variance analysis. They are there to confuse you. When you are asked a variance question, first determine what kind of variance refers to, either DL, DM, or OH, so you can have a clear mind before dumping into the calcuation. TIP: I wrote down these formulars on paper right after I started the test, then figure out which number belongs to which carefully, then just plug in the numbers! Hope this helps.